Fences, By Eileen J. Morris - 968 Words

â€Å"Fences† is a theatre play run at Ensemble Theatre, located in Houston and it was written by August Wilson and directed by Eileen J. Morris. Fences is the African-American story of a black family trying to settle in the middle of the American Pittsburgh urban area in the 1950s. Wilson made special attention to the details of the time and brought them to the present, in a nice and original everyday production. Fences play starts on a Friday, when Troy and Bono go to Troy s house as usual for their weekly drinking and chatting meeting. Troy has asked his boss, the reason why the black employees are not allowed to drive the garbage trucks, they can only lift the garbage. On the other hand, Bono thinks Troy is cheating on his wife, Rose and he seemed to worry about them, since both are his friends. Troy and Rose s son, Cory, has been recruited by a college football team and Troy does not want him to do so, because he thought that it was a waste of time, since they did hired black players. Troy was in the Negro Leagues, so he never got a chance to play in the Major Leagues since he became too old to play. Fences’ writer August Wilson made a great work combining the type of theatre, scenery, audience, acting performance, dynamic of drama, costumes, and lighting in an excellent live production. The â€Å"Ensemble Theatre† which held this great theatre play, is a very small Regional Theatre with a Proscenium Stage or picture frame (also called Fourth Walls). The Proscenium stageShow MoreRelatedFences, By Eileen J. Morris966 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Fences† is a theater play run at Ensemble Theater located in Houston and it was written by August Wilson and directed by Eileen J. Morris. Fences is the African-American story of a black family trying to settle in the middle of the American Pittsburgh urban area in the 1950s. Wilson made special attention to the details of the time and brought them to the present, in a nice and original every day production. Fences play starts on a Friday, when Troy and Bono go to Troy s house as usual for theirRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri 213 7 The Technopolitics of Cold War: Toward a Transregional Perspective †¢ Gabrielle Hecht and Paul N. Edwards 271 8 A Century of Environmental Transitions †¢ Richard P. Tucker 315 About the Contributors †¢ 343 _

Feminism The Morality Of Sex Based Prejudices Essay

Feminism impugns the morality of sex-based prejudices. That is to say that in challenging gender roles, they challenge human morality. It’s an existential paradox: it seeks to deconstruct social practices and conventional ethics. Furthermore, the coextension of reserve and sensuality refers to the decades where women would engage in socially acceptable manners of expression. Also, to the current era where through years of encouragement of self-identity and sexuality, the commodification of such sexuality was exploited. In â€Å"Low-Cut Shirts and High-Heeled Shoes: Increased Sexualization Across Time in Magazine Depictions of Girls†, Kaitlin Graff, Sarah Murnen, and Anna Krause cite a report stating that â€Å"women were underrepresented compared to men, and when they were depicted it was often in a sexualized manner.† (xxxxxx). In a study conducted by the researchers, it was discovered that hypersexualization of young girls was becoming more and more present: Comparing 1971 to 2011 on these depictions reveals the following patterns: Low-cut changed from being present in 11.1 % of depictions in 1971 to 48.1 % in 2011; highlighted hair changed from 2.0 % to 19.8 %; and high-heeled shoes from 25.7 % to 35.1 %. In GL the most frequently depicted characteristics in 2011 were low-cut, tight, and short; and in ST they were low-cut, tight, and high heels. (XXXXXXXXXX) GL is an acronym for Girls’ Life; also ST is an acronym for Seventeen. Both are magazines with a targeted audience ofShow MoreRelatedWhy Is Psychology An Androcentric Discipline?1733 Words   |  7 Pagessocial studies. According to Zimbardo (1992), Psychology is formally defined as the scientific study of the behaviour of individuals and their mental processes. In psychology, the study and research of androcentric is very important because it is based on the understanding of the differences between males and females. Androcentric relates to psychology through the analysis of the study of an individual masculine s behaviour. Androcentric is only one of the many biases that exist in psychology. ItRead MoreGroundbreaking Novel in A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft2004 Words   |  8 Pagescompared to men, an ideology that was simply preposterous to Wollstonecraft. A Vindication of the Rights of Women is one of the cornerstone works of literature for women’s rights and advocacy for gender equality in society, particularly in regards for morality equality. Without this pioneering work, women may still be subject to the same unfair and absurd treatment in modern-day society. There were many barriers that kept women in a subordinate position in the West during Wollstonecraft’s time. PerhapsRead MoreThe Seven Principle Sociological Perspectives1920 Words   |  8 Pagesprinciple sociological perspectives are Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism, Interactionism, Postmodernism, The New Right and Collectivism. Sociology is the understanding of different people, breaking down the word sociology; ‘soci’ means society and ‘ology’ means the science of. The main aim of sociology is to try to describe and explain human behaviour within society. Sociology studies subjects such as religion, crime, family, law, poverty, prejudice, race and gender. Sociology also studies different termsRead MoreUpdating Motherhood: Science and the Enlightenment of Women4934 Words   |  20 Pagesby men, who never tell the truth except by accident. And if you consider, in addition, the envy and ill will they bear us women, it is hardly surprising that the y rarely have a good word to say for us, and concentrate instead on praising their own sex in general and particular members of it, as a way of praising themselves (Bohm, 2009). Unfortunately for the men, their willingness to awaken from their scientific slumber would not bring about the new shape of knowledge that they expected. ThoughRead MoreResearch Paper on Kate Chopin and the Feminism in Her Works2066 Words   |  9 PagesLicano 1 Maria Licano Mrs. Hummel Ap English 08 27 April 2012 Kate Chopin: Feminism in Her Works â€Å"Love and passion, marriage and independence, freedom and restraint.† These are the themes that are represented and worked with throughout Kate Chopin’s works. Kate Chopin, who was born on February 8, 1851, in St. Louis, was an American acclaimed writer of short stories and novels. She was also a poet, essayist, and a memoirist. Chopin grew up around many women; intellectual women that is. ChopinRead MoreDebate Around Mobilization Of Queer Communities2372 Words   |  10 Pagesover the issue not only because the discourse over rights of queer communities was around a legal petition, but the judicial system in India is still the most trusted wing in India. The demand to read down section 377 to exclude adult consensual sex from within its purview first came before Delhi High Court, the two judge bench upheld the idea of inclusiveness of Indian Constitution and declared section 377 as unconstitutional. The historic judgement states the â€Å"deviants† or â €Å"different† as perceivedRead MoreProstitution Is A Worldwide Dilemma3053 Words   |  13 Pagesbeen prevalent. Prostitution is a worldwide dilemma that occurs on a day-to-day basis with the opposite sex, as well as with the same sex. Prostitution, as many describe it, is the world s oldest profession, which is defined as the exchange of sex for money demonstrating that it has always existed and will continue to exist (Shannon, 2010, p.1388). Prostitution itself is a cycle; having sex with clients, getting arrested, going to jail, paying fines, and then returning to the streets and startingRead MoreFreud vs Horney3427 Words   |  14 Pagesseveral books that have been published that analyzes the issues between Freud and feminism. In The Enigma of Women, Sarah Kofman comments on Freud’s prediction that feminists would take to the warpath against his writings on the women arguing that Freud’s theories are â€Å"rife† with masculine prejudice (11). Othe r credible books, such as Samuel Slipp’s The Freudian Mystique raise important questions on Freud’s theories of feminism. Why did Freud make such grossly biased and incorrect statements about womenRead MoreAn Analysis of Factors Contributing to the End of Domestic Isolation in America1986 Words   |  8 PagesIbsens drama on American society may be debated, but as Paul Johnson (2007) observes, the intended effect is clear: In his critique of Ibsen, Johnson states, Ibsen preached the revolt of the individual against the ancien regime of inhibitions and prejudices which held sway in every small town, indeed in every family. He taught men, and especially women, that their individual conscience and their personal notions of freedom have moral precedence over the requirements of society (p. 82). Ibsen, in otherRead MoreGender Leadership And Womens Leadership Styles5681 Words   |  23 Pagespiece of female leaders it will allow female leaders to be ready to lead diverse s taffs at the nonprofits. In an effort to increase the knowledge of leadership styles in local area nonprofit organizations, I want to study how nonprofit administrators based on their gender demonstrates authenticity in their leadership. I propose to conduct a qualitative phenomenological study of 30 women and men who have leadership experience in the nonprofit field to answer the question, â€Å"How women and men nonprofit

The School Based Assessment Free Essays

WRITING ASSIGNMENT Paragraph Outline Topic sentence: There are several benefits of the school based assessment to the learning process in school. Supporting point 1: The student achievement can be observed continuously. Supporting point 2: Able to reflect the standard and ability of students. We will write a custom essay sample on The School Based Assessment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Supporting point 3: Reinforce learner’s autonomy and independent learning. Conclusion: To sum up, the school based assessment is a new culture of learning and teaching that advocate students in all-round development which gives a more comprehensive picture of individual student learning needs. First Draft Recently, our school education system had been reform to the new system which is called the school based assessment. In order to improve our school education system, the government has taken this large step that also making the UPSR and PMR to be abolished. Besides that, it has many benefits to our school learning process compare to the older system. First and foremost, the achievement of the students can be observed continuously. The teachers can assess the students continuously in a pressure-free environment. The assessment is taken every day in the class session by several aspects. Next, it can reflect the standard and ability of the students. All students have the same chance of showing their ability . It avoid the limitations of judging students on their performance with a single examination. The school based assessment can also reinforce learner’s autonomy and independent learning. For instance, the student can carrying peer reviews and writing after a model in the assessment task. By this system, students cannot expect that teachers will give them all the information needed but they must think and find it from another resource. To conclude, the school based assessment is a new culture of learning and teaching that advocate students in all round development which gives a more comprehensive picture of individual student learning needs. How to cite The School Based Assessment, Papers

Marketing Management Incorporating in Broader Perspectives

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management for Incorporating in Broader Perspectives. Answer: Introduction Businesses are not only expanding their horizon of operations but incorporating in broader perspectives that include the community and society(Peattie 2009). Business ethics have evolved over time and have transformed to give rise to Corporate Social Responsibility that includes various aspects of business functionality and their effects on the community. As marketing is the sole of businesses, it becomes imperative to adopt and apply societal marketing approach in businesses. The concept of societal marketing was first used by G.D. Wiebe (1952) post which several research and development has been done in the field(Blythe 2008). Societal marketing creates a positive branding for the company in the minds of the customer and enhances sustainability for the business. Bendigo and Adelaide Bank in Australia has taken some major steps in changing their marketing process to adopt societal marketing practices. Similarly Whole Kids also adheres to societal marketing practices in order to bene fit the society at a large. The report is regarding changing companies approach from typical selling to societal marketing(Blythe 2008). Both the companies are trying to contribute towards the community and society in a positive way by their small contributions. Bendigo and Adelaide Bank has made tremendous contribution by opening up rural branches in Australia. Whereas, Whole Kids caters to producing healthy snacking alternatives for school going children as well as for grown-ups. The two companies discussed above has been discussed and their societal marketing approach in which they are contributing towards the wellbeing of the Australian society. Analysis Marketing is a fundamental aspect for every business, through which their products and services are communicated or promoted to the public. A company builds a marketing campaign in order to effectively communicate their products. There are two types of marketing approaches that are used by companies, traditional approach and societal marketing approach(Adkins 2007). The concept of societal marketing has been used by organizations in order to spread social message commercially that has a positive effect on the individuals of the society. Businesses conduct societal marketing practices by consideration of consumer demands, companys requirements and in societys long term interests(Sheth 2015). In societal marketing though the product or the service remains to be the key function yet society is the focal point. But in traditional marketing company determines its capability to meet customer demands and needs. Societal marketing can be green marketing in nature that focus on the environmental impact and any other strategic focus marketing. Though the end goal in both types of marketing approach is to sell the product yet societal marketing is considered a high-concept strategic approach of companies in order to win public approval. Therefore companies are moving away from traditional marketing practices and adopting societal marketing in order to raise public awareness. Several companies around the world are resorting to societal marketing practices in order to generate a social impact and greater brand image in consumer minds. Bendigo and Adelaide Bank is an Australia based financial institution for retail banking. The bank was established in the 1858 and has its headquarters in Bendigo, Victoria in Australia(Bank Retrieved on 20th August, 2016). The bank was formed by the merger of Bendigo Bank and Adelaide Bank in the year 2007. The current CEO of the bank is Mike Hirst and Robert Johanson is the Chairman. The current operating revenue of the bank is AUS$1.6 billion and it has over 900 branches. The bank used to involve in traditional marketing practices for promoting their retail business, but awareness regarding societal marketing changed the banks strategies in order to strive for more and include communities wellbeing into their goals(McDonald 2008). The bank primarily resorted to traditional marketing approach, but post closure of rural bank branches in Australia in the period 1993 to 2000, there was immense shortage of financial institutions. Bendigo and Adelaide Bank responded with a model for establishing their own franchise in these rural communities to empower them. They established franchises with 300 to 500 local shareholders under one independent shareholder. The revenues that were generated from the operating franchise, 80% of that was reinvested into the community projects and grants, sometimes they were used to pay local shareholders dividend. Through the use of this model Bendigo and Adelaide Bank has provided AUS$134.7 million as donation for local community initiatives. A total of 300 branches generated over one million accounts for the bank andit grew at the rate of 18% in five years(Shared Retrived on 20th August, 2016). The bank was able to generate an income of AUS$25.4 billion from the franchise business model . With a decent contribution to the society, the bank has able to surge to fifth largest bank in Australia. This is a classic example where the company adopted a societal marketing approach for greater benefits of the community and society. The closing down of the bank branches in rural Australia could have proven to be despair for the individuals and communities present. But with opening up of the banks franchise jobs were created and also greater social benefits(Herald Retrieved on 20th August, 2016). The community gained immensely from the operation of the franchises due to the profits getting invested. The bank also stand to gain through the approach as it generated additional income and customers for the bank without much of its efforts. Societal marketing generated a positive impact for the bank as well as for the community and society(Lichtenstein 2006). Whole Kids is a nonprofit organization is Australia founded by Whole Foods Market. The organization aim is to adhere to values, expertise, principles and standards for meeting quality ingredients in production methods of food along with nutrition(Whole Retrieved on 20th August, 2016). The organization functions with an aim to provide nutritious foods to Australian children and kids. Australia has high number of overweight and obese children and there is a growing trend in this pattern. A research conducted reflects that 65% of Australian children will be overweight or obese by 2020(Nestle 2006). Whole Kids objective is to fill the gap by providing children with healthy snacking alternatives. The snacks made by the organization are made from organic produce with nil synthetic additives(McGinnis 2006). There are multiple companies in that delivers children snacks bars as well as various other food items but all have a sizeable amounts of additives and synthetic flavors which are known to cause severe health damage and obesity. Though there are multiple food authority boards and regulators in Australia yet, there is no stringent restriction on the consumptions of these items. Australian government along with dietary standards board and regulators has made several efforts to issue the daily consumption requirements amongst adults and especially amongst children. Whole Kids has now been selling 1.5million products every year in Australia and they are also exporting to Malaysia as well as to Singapore. Whole Kids initial corporate customer was Qantas Airways, who wanted to provide healthy snacking alternatives to their on-flight passengers. Whole Kids now also sells in Child-friendly venues, supermarkets, play and aquatic centers. There several products made by Whole Kids are known to have tremendous health values as well as dietary benefits that addresses the issue of obesity amongst children. Whole Kids adopted societal marketing approach in order to address the needs of the society. The company grew by leaps and bounds by catering to the needs of the parents in Australia, who had growing concerns regarding their kids. The organization catered to the social cause by contributing positively to the society by building health for Australias future generation. Conclusion The concept of societal marketing though relatively new in business has been instrumental for companys growth and sustainability. Societal marketing is a vastly accepted concept due to the impacts and capabilities it has on society and communities in which business performs. Wide access of information for customers had brought about awareness and it is easy to find out a company that adheres to societal marketing or not. Societal marketing has a vast range of public acceptance and customers views companies that are able to generate positive impacts on the society with a positive brand image. Hence societal marketing can be considered as an extension of the companies CSR practices where companies processes adheres to marketing as well. Companies that adopt societal marketing will not only create a positive impact on the society but also in the minds of customers for generating future demands. The products and services of the company will be easily be acceptable by various consumers an d in new product introduction, this aspect will have an immensely positive role. Therefore companies need to figure out the various areas in which they are able to create a positive effect and impact on the society hence create business sustenance for the long run. Bibliography Adkins, S., 2007.Cause related marketing. Routledge. Bank, BAA Retrieved on 20th August, 2016, 'Company Details', https://www.bendigoadelaide.com.au/public/about_us/index.asp. Blythe, J., 2008.Essentials of marketing. Pearson Education. Herald, SM Retrieved on 20th August, 2016, '"Growing disquiet'' about operation of Bendigo Community Bank in Canberra, claims an original proponent', https://www.smh.com.au/act-news/growing-disquiet-about-operation-of-bendigo-community-bank-in-canberra-claims-an-original-proponent-20160414-go624y.html. Lichtenstein, S. and Williamson, K., 2006. Understanding consumer adoption of internet banking: an interpretive study in the Australian banking context.Journal of Electronic Commerce Research,7(2), p.50. McDonald, L.M. and Rundle-Thiele, S., 2008. Corporate social responsibility and bank customer satisfaction: a research agenda.International Journal of Bank Marketing,26(3), pp.170-182. McGinnis, J.M., Gootman, J.A. and Kraak, V.I. eds., 2006.Food marketing to children and youth: threat or opportunity?. National Academies Press. Nestle, M 2006, 'Food marketing and childhood obesitya matter of policy.', New England Journal of Medicine, vol 354, no. 24, pp. 2527-2529. Peattie, K. and Peattie, S., 2009. Social marketing: A pathway to consumption reduction?.Journal of Business Research,62(2), pp.260-268. Shared, V Retrived on 20th August, 2016, 'Bendigo and Adelaide Bank contribution ', https://sharedvalue.org/sites/default/files/resource-files/FSG_Banking%20on%20Shared%20Value_0.pdf. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Whole, K Retrieved on 20th August, 2016, 'Company Information', https://www.wholekidsfoundation.org/about/.

Reasons for and consequences of separatism within and across national borders free essay sample

Separatism is the wanting or succession of being separate and splitting from a main country, usually because they no longer identify with the main body they are attached/part of. As a result, they feel isolated and excluded from the main body and wish to no longer be a part of it, which can often result in peaceful separation from that body, however it is sometimes very violent and may bring about more negatives than positives. Separatism is often the result of certain needs or reasons that the majority of a population in one area agree with, these reasons include reasons like feeling economically isolated, minorities with different cultures or ethnicities that simply do not belong to the main body, the feeling of being exploited by others, the natural collapse of the state, splitting it into many smaller states. As a result of this, there is many consequences brought about, for example the aim is often succeeded, which is the establishment of clear, separate states or countries, the protection of a language, the growth of political parties, terrorism and civil war. We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons for and consequences of separatism within and across national borders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The majority of the consequences are positive, however the negative consequences are never felt softly, they are always hard hitting globally, for example the violence that the separatism of Timor caused. Sometimes separatism will be forced upon people who didnt want it as a result of greed(The partition of Bengal) or due to the nature of the time, for example the separating of East Germany and West Germany following world war 2. One of the main reasons of the willingness of separatism is a difference in religion beliefs, as a difference in these beliefs is usually a very strong one and in certain areas of the world there is no limitation of religious oppression, often resulting in people dying as a result of religious oppression. As a result, people are often willing to go very far to support their own religious beliefs, this includes separating from a country in order to avoid differences in beliefs and conflicts. This is very evident in Sudan, which was once the largest country in Africa until it separated in 2011. This is an example of religious conflicts causing separatism as the Christian people were struggling under the rule of the Arab Muslim north and so they felt like independence was needed to separate the Muslim north and the Christian south. The situation in Sudan shows clear consequences of what happens when countrys separate when its related to a sensitive topic, such as religion, and it isnt dealt with properly, as the borders were not made clear in Sudan it has resulted in a lot of violence, and on top of that, the majority of the resources went to the south, showing a very unfair scenario of separatism, but also highlights how sometimes separatism isnt just black and white. That theres a lot to take into account, the resources, the terrain, the population, and if these arent all considered and taken into account, the consequence will more than likely be violence, as evident in Sudan where around 690,000 have been displaced along with many needless deaths. Another example of a cause of separatism is oppression and nationality, the idea of being feeling oppressed and wanting to be separate and free. There is many examples of this in history, the most famous being the US declaration of independence where the US felt oppressed by the English and wanted to be separate and no longer colonised. This is another example of separatism that is often very violent and causes a lot of deaths. An example of this is Timor where Portugal ruled east Timor until 1975, where they withdrew, and almost instantly after the Timorese declared independence, Indonesia invaded and used violence to take over. As a result of this, there was many uprising and revolts, and in 1991 the Indonesian people retaliated by opening fire on a memorial procession, killing around 300. As a result the Indonesians were pressured into allowing an independence referendum. This shows an example of a nationalist-separatist movement where a nation resists annexation from another state who only aims to exploit them, and as a consequence, there was unneeded deaths and violence, but a separate East Timor was established, which was the aim all along. Separatism doesnt always have to be violent or cause violence, and often it doesnt, as the cause of separatism often correlates with the consequences of the separatism, for example a non-violent political dispute for separatism will often result in a peaceful separation. An example of this is Scotland, which also provides to be an example of not only feeling economically feeling isolated from the main body (The U. K) but also provides as an example of a country that feels like it is being exploited with England using the north sea oil and gas reserves, and on top of that, nationalism. The entirety of the push for separatism for Scotland has been peaceful and political, and as a clear consequence of this, there has been no violence, but also there will be a preservation of the native Scottish culture and preservation of its separate education and legal system from the U. K. Essentially, Scotland is already separate from the U. K, except with the other countries using the resources within the Scottish boundary which is why there is an uprising on Scottish nationalism in the first place, along with the fact that being separate will benefit them immensely. In conclusion, while separatism is almost guaranteed to cause conflicts, the expression of this conflict doesnt always necessary have to be violent, it can remain peaceful, and often the expression of wanting separatism being peaceful usually results in peaceful consequences. However it is also fair to say that sometimes the violence is unavoidable, such as places where oppression is high and freedom is low, however it is very easy to say that violence could easily be avoided in places where conflict is the result of things that need not cause violence, such as religion and differences in opinions.

Cinco De Mayo and the Battle of Puebla

Cinco De Mayo and the Battle of Puebla Cinco de Mayo is a Mexican holiday which celebrates the victory over French forces on May 5, 1862,​ at the Battle of Puebla. It is often mistakenly thought to be Mexico’s Independence Day, which is actually September 16. More of an emotional victory than a military one, to Mexicans the Battle of Puebla represents Mexican resolve and bravery in the face of an overwhelming foe. The Reform War The Battle of Puebla was not an isolated incident: there is a long and complicated history that led up to it. In 1857, the â€Å"Reform War† broke out in Mexico. It was a civil war and it pitted Liberals (who believed in separation of church and state and freedom of religion) against the Conservatives (who favored a tight bond between the Roman Catholic Church and the Mexican State). This brutal, bloody war left the nation in shambles and bankrupt. When the war was over in 1861, Mexican President Benito Juarez suspended all payment of foreign debt: Mexico simply did not have any money. Foreign Intervention This angered Great Britain, Spain, and France, countries which were owed a great deal of money. The three nations agreed to work together to force Mexico to pay. The United States, which had considered Latin America its â€Å"backyard† since the Monroe Doctrine (1823), was going through a Civil War of its own and in no position to do anything about European intervention in Mexico. In December 1861 armed forces of the three nations arrived off the coast of Veracruz and landed a month later, in January 1862. Desperate last-minute diplomatic efforts by the Juarez administration persuaded Britain and Spain that a war that would further devastate the Mexican economy was in no one’s interest, and Spanish and British forces left with a  promise of future payment. France, however, was unconvinced and French forces remained on Mexican soil. French March on Mexico City French forces captured the city of Campeche on February 27 and reinforcements from France arrived soon after. By early March, France’s modern military machine had an efficient army in place, poised to capture Mexico City. Under the command of the Count of Lorencez, a veteran of the Crimean War, the French Army set out for Mexico City. When they reached Orizaba, they held up for a while, as many of their troops had become ill. Meanwhile, an army of Mexican regulars under the command of 33-year-old Ignacio Zaragoza marched to meet him. The Mexican Army was about 4,500 men strong: the French numbered approximately 6,000 and were much better armed and equipped than the Mexicans. The Mexicans occupied the city of Puebla and its two forts, Loreto and Guadalupe. French Attack On the morning of May 5, Lorencez moved to attack. He believed that Puebla would fall easily: his incorrect information suggested that the garrison was much smaller than it really was and that the people of Puebla would surrender easily rather than risk much damage to their city. He decided on a direct assault, ordering his men to concentrate on the strongest part of the defense: Guadalupe fortress, which stood on a hill overlooking the city. He believed that once his men had taken the fort and had a clear line to the city, the people of Puebla would be demoralized and would surrender quickly. Attacking the fortress directly would prove a major mistake. Lorencez moved his artillery into position and by noon had begun shelling Mexican defensive positions. He ordered his infantry to attack three times: each time they were repulsed by the Mexicans. The Mexicans were almost overrun by these assaults, but bravely held their lines and defended the forts. By the third attack, the French artillery was running out of shells and therefore the final assault was unsupported by artillery. French Retreat The third wave of French infantry was forced to retreat. It had begun to rain, and the foot troops were moving slowly. With no fear of the French artillery, Zaragoza ordered his cavalry to attack the retreating French troops. What had been an orderly retreat became a rout, and Mexican regulars streamed out of the forts to pursue their foes. Lorencez was forced to move the survivors to a distant position and Zaragoza called his men back to Puebla. At this point in the battle, a young general named  Porfirio Dà ­az  made a name for himself, leading a cavalry attack. â€Å"The National Arms Have Covered Themselves in Glory† It was a sound defeat for the French. Estimates place French casualties around 460 dead with almost that many wounded, while only 83 Mexicans were killed. Lorencez’s  quick retreat prevented the defeat from becoming a disaster, but  still, the battle became a huge morale-booster for the Mexicans. Zaragoza sent a message to Mexico City, famously declaring â€Å"Las  armas  nacionales  se  han  cubierto  de  gloria† or â€Å"The national arms (weapons) have covered themselves in glory.† In Mexico City, President Juarez declared May 5th a national holiday in remembrance of the battle. Aftermath The Battle of Puebla was not very important to Mexico from a military standpoint. Lorencez was allowed to retreat and hold onto the towns he had already captured. Soon after the battle, France sent 27,000 troops to Mexico under a new commander, Elie Frederic Forey. This massive force was well beyond anything the Mexicans could resist, and it swept into Mexico City in June of 1863. On the way, they besieged and captured Puebla. The French installed  Maximilian of Austria, a young Austrian nobleman, as Emperor of Mexico. Maximilian’s reign lasted until  1867 when President Juarez was able to drive the French out and restore the Mexican government. Young General Zaragoza died of typhoid not long after the Battle of Puebla. Although the Battle of Puebla amounted to little from a military sense   it merely postponed the inevitable victory of the French army, which was larger, better trained and better equipped than the Mexicans it nevertheless meant a great deal to Mexico in terms of pride and hope. It showed them that the mighty French war machine was not invulnerable, and that determination and courage were powerful weapons. The victory was a huge boost to  Benito Juarez  and his government. It allowed him to hold onto power at a time when he was in danger of losing it, and it was Juarez who eventually led his people to victory against the French in 1867. The battle also marks the arrival on the political scene of Porfirio Dà ­az, then a brash young general who disobeyed Zaragoza in order to chase down fleeing French troops. Dà ­az would eventually get a lot of the credit for the victory and he used his new fame to run for president against Jurez. Although he lost, he would eventually reach the presidency and  lead his nation for many years.

Sexual Assault on campus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sexual Assault on campus - Research Paper Example 2013). The controversy continues on the critical topic because of the overlap that exists between theory and empirical research. There is much theory, but little research has been done on the topic. For instance, there are only a few documented studies on the effects of sexual assault (Exner & Cummings, 2011). The issue has been denied the attention it deserves like other crimes in the campus environment. This paper will be at analyzing the controversy in sexual assault in campus and the different issues related to it. Sexual assault in campuses is a reality with women being the major victims of this vise. There exist studies exploring gender differences when it comes to sexual assault (Wilcox, Jordan & Pritchard, 2006). These studies have shown that women in college are the main victims; however, the effects are worse to males (Exner & Cummings, 2011). When males are sexually assaulted, the outcomes are severe because of the climate in campus where men have been empowered. Therefore, there is a controversy on the widely affected gender and the intensity of outcomes on the different genders. College populations are said to be major victims of sexual assault because they are in the age group that experiences most of the social activities and dating. Through dating and the social activities, students end up being sexually assaulted by people close to them when they fail to satisfy their wants. According to Casey & Nurius (2006), sexual assault peaks at adolescence. This makes sexual assault to be more prevalent in colleges than in the general population. Substance use is also common among college students (Hayes et al. 2013). This further increases the risk of victimization by reducing the ability to ignore or resist unwanted advances. Statistics, on the other hand, show that a sexual assault in campus is at around 25% with women being major victims of this. Scholars like Casey & Nurius (2006) claim that these statistics do not give a real picture of the

Dutch in new york and how they entered the city in the 15th and 16th Research Paper

Dutch in new york and how they entered the city in the 15th and 16th centuries - Research Paper Example New Netherlands was only one of the many Dutch colonies. Amsterdam was the port that sent ships to explore. In the New Netherlands furs, tradeable objects, and fertile land were found. The founding of New Netherlands developed a valuable region into a successful colony. The Dutch West India Company was a trade company in the 1700s.1 The Dutch West India Company was formed in 1631.2 The Dutch West India Company was only one branch of the Dutch company. The Dutch East India Company had great success in the East.3 The East is defined as mainly territories in or around Asia.4 The trade industry was done through shipping lanes in the 1600s.5 Furs, ivory, jade, diamonds, cloth, and spices were just a few items the Dutch West India Company traded.6 While the English, Spanish, and other countries were interested in conquest, the Dutch interest was focused on the trade industry.7 The colonization of an area by the Dutch would be due to trade, not expansion. The Dutch West India Company was interested in the area of New Netherlands due to the opportunity to trade. The Dutch West India Company hired Henry Hudson.8 The expedition of finding new trade routes was Henry Hudson’s assignment.9 â€Å"Sailing for the Dutch in 1609, Henry Hudson explored the river that now bears his name. The Dutch established a string of agricultural settlements between New Amsterdam (New York City) and Fort Orange (Albany, New York) after 1614.†10 Hudson mapped out the Hudson River and Hudson Bay. The Dutch wanted to create a settlement at the mouth of the Hudson River in order to strengthen the fur trade with local Natives. The Dutch became the chief European traders with the Iroquois, supplying them with firearms, blankets, metal tools, and other European trade goods in exchange for furs. The Iroquois used those goods to nearly destroy the Hurons and to push the Algonquins into Illinois and Michigan. As a result, the Iroquois gained

Anthropology and political and power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Anthropology and political and power - Essay Example Anthropology's basic concerns are "What defines Homo sapiens?", "Who are the ancestors of modern Homo sapiens?", "What are humans' physical traits?", "How do humans behave?", "Why are there variations and differences among different groups of humans?", "How has the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens influenced its social organization and culture?" so it is the study of how humans live and interact. The anthropologist Eric Wolf once described anthropology as "the most scientific of the humanities, and the most humanistic of the sciences." Politics is a process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running a government. It also refers to behavior within civil governments. However, politics have been observed in other group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. It consists of "social relations involving authority or power† and refers to the regulation of public affairs within a political unit, and to the methods and tactics used to formulate and apply policy. Anthropology and politics have a direct link between them. POWER IS IMMANENT in human affairs; by definition, human beings are political animals. Power in this sense cannot be reduced to a single social or political instance by either external or internal criteria. Whether or not the social grouping under scrutiny is collectively aggregated by conditions of gender, age, kinship, class, or hierarchy, power is present. In the most basic sense, power is what the political scientist Harold Lasswell defined as political: who gets what and how. Or, as the anthropologist Edmund Leach provocatively noted, all social and cultural change is a quest for power. Power is not a domain but one of the essential forms and conditions of human relations. Three phases may be recognized in anthropology’s relationship with politics. In the first formative era (1879–1939) anthropologists studied politics almos t incidentally to their other interests, and we can speak only of ‘the anthropology of politics’. In the second phase (1940–66) political anthropology developed a body of systematically-structured knowledge and a self-conscious discourse. The third phase began in the mid-1960s when all such disciplinary specialization came under severe challenge. As new paradigms challenged the earlier dominating, coercive systems of knowledge, political anthropology was first de-centered and then deconstructed. The political turn taken by geography, social history, and literary criticism and, above all, feminism has revitalized anthropology’s concern with power and powerlessness. FEW subjects arouse more passion and debate among Muslims today than the encounter between Islam and modern thought. The subject is of course vast and embraces fields ranging from politics to sacred art, subjects whose debate often causes volcanic eruptions of emotions and passions which hardly l ead to an objective scrutiny of causes and a clear vision of the problems involved. Nor is this debate which consumes so much of the energies of Muslims and students of Islam helped by the lack of clear definition of the terms of the debate and an insight into the actual forces involved. The whole discussion is also paralyzed by a psychological sense of inferiority and a sense of enfeeblement before the modern world which prevents most modernized Muslims from making a critical appraisal of the situation and of stating the truth irrespective of

Intersections Of Race And Gender Sociology Essay

Intersections Of Race And Gender Sociology Essay Gender identity originates from the experiences of our lives and these experiences differ not only based on gender but also by other factors such as race and class. These identities are formed under the narrow structures of stereotypes, which are created as a system of social control (Andersen 311). The interactions between race and gender create stereotypes about men and women. An analysis in Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society by Margaret L. Andersen and Howard F. Taylor and Jacquelynne S. Eccles article Gender Role Stereotypes, Expectancy Effects, and Parents Socialization of Gender Differences reveals that gender intersects with race, thus proving that manhood and womanhood emerge due to systems of prejudice and discrimination that are inextricably intertwined with race, class, and gender. Gender is part of our social structure, just as race and class are. When applied to Camara Phyllis Jones article, The Gardeners Tale, men are the red flowers and women are the pink. From the moment of birth, men and women are put into different pots. These pots symbolize socialization because the separation affects the course that a man or womans life will take. However, institutionalized sexism causes the options to be distinct. Jacquelynne Eccles of the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan suggests that parents are role models. Actions as simple as giving a toy truck to a little boy and a Barbie to a little girl can help develop a childs gender identity. If a child grows up with a mother who is very athletic, she is more likely to view sports as a normal part of being a girl. The same idea can apply to a boy; if he sees his dad treating his mom kindly, he is less likely to abuse his own wife. Personally mediated sexism revolves around the concept of omission. This can be seen when men are given power, prestige and economic resources for they are believed to become the next world leaders, doctors, businessmen, engineers, and scientists (Andersen 315). Women grow up wearing frilly pink dresses and are taught to be gentle and remain at home. They are excluded or discouraged from entering certain schools or career paths because they are expected to not have the capacity to exceed in certain fields. Lastly, there is internalized sexism, which can be seen in early adolescence. This once again reintegrates Eccles statement of how parents play a critical role in influencing their childrens social self-perceptions, interests, and skill acquisition (Eccles 184). Early adolescence is when people begin noticing the existence of gender differences and believing in them. Young women, generally, view themselves as having a lower math ability in comparison to young men. They go on to express less interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦in studying mathematics and in en tering math-related professions (Eccles 184). Females do believe that they are more competent in English that their male counterparts and males believe their athletic competence is greater than a females (Eccles 184). Gender inequality does not exist in its own sphere. It coincides with race and class inequality. As M.P.P Root questions, is it possible to separate the gendered experiences from the racial existence (Root 162)? Latinas and African American women are discriminated by both race and gender and even possibly by class. White men, usually, are given more power; however, this does not apply to Latino men. Tim Wise, a White man, explains that he had experienced this unearned privilege. Growing up, he was given the benefit of the doubt if he did not succeed. African American men felt a weight on their shoulders for if they did not succeed, then they would be proving the stereotype, African Americans are inferior to Whites, true. Gender identity incorporates racial identity. Females are taught from a young age to have characteristics of femininity that include a nurturing yet confident personality. They should seek higher education and a career. However, African American women, compared to White women, have a greater likelihood of declaring their independence. This aspiration may come from the fact that their mothers were often career orientated women who relied on themselves. Males are also affected by their racial identity. Latino men are almost expected to embody the stereotype of machismo, exaggerated masculinity which is associated with sexist actions and honor, dignity, and respect (Andersen 313). Despite the existence of such behaviors, the relationship between Latino men and women is multidimensional (Andersen 313). These families are egalitarian so the decisions are made by both the men and the women. African American men are also subjected to certain associations such as accountability to family a nd self-determination (Andersen 313). As they mature, they in turn put a greater stress on themselves to be the breadwinner. People acknowledge that race includes systems of privilege and inequality, yet they do not realize that gender is also controlled by the same systems. Women are generally at a disadvantage when compared to men in aspects such as access to economic and political resources (Andersen 315). Women are denied an opportunity for achievement, influence, and independence. Gendered institutions are the cause of the different experiences of men and women. In a career that is dominated by men, women are treated like outsiders and seen as tokens (Andersen 314). Men, on the contrary, continue to rise to a higher position because they are viewed as more important and the career advancement may simply come from connecting and spending more time with their superiors. Women are not given these opportunities to spend time with their superiors whether it be inside or outside work. The income of an employed woman is less than that of an employed man. However, when analyzed among Hispanics and African Ame ricans, the womans income is approximately the same as the mans. Furthermore, gendered institutions build toward gender roles, which can be defined as learned patterns of behavior associated with being a man or a woman (Andersen 314). Nonetheless, in recent years, there has been a shifting of gender roles. Women are no longer presumed to be the keepers of the house and do womens work and men are working as nurses and primary school teachers and they celebrate a womans accomplishments instead of expecting it to diminish their own. These advancements and the crossing of gender boundaries also bring about drawbacks such as the questioning of ones true gender identity (Andersen 321). The roles that both men and women fall into are not random but rather are conditioned by the social context of their experiences (Andersen 313). Experiences are affirmed by race, class, and gender standing. Each exhibits different effects, depending on a persons location in the interconnection of gender, race, and class relations (Andersen 323). Males and females identify with certain gender expectations. This involves the issue of conformity. Males take risks that can lead to greater violence and all because of the cultural definition of masculinity (Andersen 311). However, it is both gender and race that further emphasize stereotypes. African American men are stigmatized as being hyper masculine and oversexed while Latinos are macho (Andersen 312). Jews, on the other hand, are viewed as being simply intellectual but asexual (Andersen 312). Woman, similarly, conform to their environment and the stereotypes of their race. As David R. Williams and Chiquita Collins state in their artic le, Racial Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health, it is from this segregation that African Americans lose employment access and thus income. It is no surprise that this social inequality develops into the stereotype of African American women being welfare queens (Andersen 312). Residential segregation also introduces class. Even the White race has its own distinct boundaries. Working-class white women are perceived as slutty, while those of the over-class are frigid and cold (Andersen 312). Experiences of race and gender socialization do interact with one another to create todays societal norms. To be truly able to comprehend the different stratifications among men and women begins with considering how gender structures social experiences. Race, gender, and class are all nuances that affect a persons life. Sometimes, either race, gender, or class may be the primary identity, but together each places a mark on the experiences of a person. This is why I have come to conclude that though race, gender, and class are different, they are interrelated dimensions in our social structure (Andersen 323).

Constitutional Framers Essay -- American History, Washington D.C.

The Constitutional Framers envisioned a national government that, like Plato’s cave, would be â€Å"at a distance and out of sight† of the everyday affairs and thoughts of ordinary Americans. They had envisioned Washington D.C. to be a cultural mecca on par with the capitals of European nations, both economically and socially. The reality of the Washington Community was a disaster compared to the lofty ambitions of the founding fathers; a desolate purgatory to be endured. The socially and economically barren capital combined Spartan living conditions with isolation. High turnover was prevalent in both the house and senate; a disappointment to the Federalists who had hoped for institutional memory within congress. Instead of creating the new form of â€Å"national† and â€Å"long term† thinking by men of prominence, congressmen turned to fellow members of boarding houses for a sense of legitimacy and guidance. Boarding houses were organized along regi onal lines and served to enforce differences between geographical communities; the isolation the founders had hoped would lead to a unique national identity inadvertently strengthened regional ties. The Framers had to isolate the Washington community; removing congressmen from the outside influence of state politics would protect against corruption. â€Å"From this time until the objective was realized, it was never seriously disputed that the government ought to have a home and to wield sole authority over the environs; and when Congress at last reached its permanent abode in Washington, that body showed how dearly it prized its freedom from local interference by refusing the District’s citizenry the right of formal participation in not only national but also state government† (Young, p.96).... ...ir extra official life their constitutional separation in official life† (Young, p. 120). In the early Washington community, the framers achieved isolation but this did not produce the anticipated result of national mind set and body of thought. Rather than elevating the nation’s leaders to a place of prominence, the Washington Community provided no sense of legitimacy. Barbaric conditions and isolation reinforced regional ties; congressmen generally endured a single term before returning to the prestigious and considerably more comfortable job of state politics. Rather than motived by legacy, congressional terms seemed a hardship everyone was eventually forced endure at some point in their political career. The Constitutional Framers succeeded in some aspects but their vision was circumvented by the wasteland which served as the new nation’s capital.

Botulism & hospitalization

Microbial intoxication refers to the diseases followed by ingestion of toxins produced by pathogens outside the body. Botulism is a water-borne and food-borne disease transmitted in foods (Englelkirk & Duebn-Engelkirk, 2007). Patients with botulism are required to prolonged hospitalization and intensive care (Evans & Brachman, 1998). Although this disease is rare, both animals and humans can be affected which can cause flaccid muscle weakness o even death (Lewis, Knight, Lewis, & Lewis, 1995). In the early human history, it was speculated that our prehistoric ancestors suffered also from botulism.They usually preserved extra meat by wrapping it animal skins and animal organs then smoked it and buried underneath the ground which served as a basic refrigerator, allowing the meat to freeze (Rosaler, 2003). The history if first botulism outbreak happened on 1793 in Wildbad, Germany from consumption of a favorite local dish—blood sausages (Fig. 1). The blood sausages were prepared from washing out the pig intestines, then blood and various spices are stuffed in. Both ends are tied, boiled in water, smoked, and stored for weeks at room temperature.Usually, the people who ate it did not have effect but after people share it they became sick. Most of them vomited, some partially paralyzed, and speech thickened. Later, there were six people dead. Justinus Kerner, the local medical officer and physician, was sent to find out the cause of the incident. However, Kerner was not able to identify the cause of deaths from eating blood sausages. Nevertheless, he was able to note significant observations such as blood sausages with air pockets did not become poisonous and the sausages in large casings are likely to be poisonous.He conducted a dangerous experiment by injecting the sausage fluid, wurstgift, into his own body (Rosaler, 2003). Until then, he was able to observe the symptoms similar to the patients. The disease was named â€Å"Kerner’s disease† f or many years. He conducted follow up experiments on various cases food poisoning and published his findings. Aside from food-borne and water-borne, botulism can also be wound botulism when toxins are produced from the wound that is infected with the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (Fig. 2).The bacteria is a gram positive spore-forming bacilli that is invasive and toxin mediated (Shimeld, 1999). This rod-shaped bacteria is often found in soil where there is low-oxygen forming spores that allow it to survive in dormant state. People infected with botulism usually have the symptoms of blurred vision, difficulty in swallowing, and muscle weakness; while infants with botulism appear lethargic, constipated, weak cry and muscle tone which are all signs of muscle paralysis that is caused by the bacterial toxin. The paralysis can progress in the arms, legs, and respiratory muscles if untreated.On the other hand, in food botulism, symptoms appear as early after six hours to thirty-six hours a nd the latest is ten hours (Bullock, Haddow, & Coppola, 2006). In general there are seven forms of botulism coded as types A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. These forms are grouped if they are proteoluytic. In Group I is proteolytic which includes types A, B, or F toxins. Group II is non-proteolytic which includes types B, E, or F toxins. Group III is also non-proteolytic which includes types C or D toxins. Lastly, the Groupd IV is also non-proteolytic and non-saccharolytic including G toxin.Among the four groups, Groups I and II cause botulism in humans while Group III causes botulism in birds and animals. Group IV, on the other hand, are very rare and does not affect humans. Proteolytic strains normally live in minima temperatures of growth which is 12 °C or above, while the non-proteolytic can live to a temperature as low as 3. 3 °C (Wilkinson & Gould, 1996). Figure 2 Clostridium botulinum. The pale bodies are the spores (Sebaiha et al. 2007) C. botulinum lives as dormant spore or a s cavenger in decaying animal materials in soil but it has no specific mechanism to evade human defenses.The variants of each single species are connected because of the deadly toxin. For example, some of the genes found in C. botulinum are not found in other sequence. It can be easily destroyed by a toxin in some cases. However, the toxins never stop poisoning killing its preys. It has the ability to hide and hibernate through dormant spores when environment is harsh. This bacteria uses many strategies to increase its probability of survival (Sebaiha, Peck, Minton, & Thomson, 2007). In diagnosing botulism, patient’s history and physical examination is taken into consideration but these are not enough to identify botulism.Diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, stroke, and myasthenia gravis appear to be similar with botulism. Tests such as brain scan, spinal fluid examination, electromyography, or Tensilon test for myasthenia gravis are conducted in order to diagnose which di sease. Another way of diagnosis is by injecting placing botulinum toxin to the patient’ serum or stool, then injecting it to a mice and observe for relevant symptoms; while other test of stool can be conducted by some state health department laboratories and at CDC (Bullock et al. , 2006).Otherwise, the patients should undergo passive immunization which has horse serum with anti-A, B, and E toxins. There is also trivalent antitoxin available in CDC, Atlanta and botulism toxoid (Evans & Brachman, 1998). Cases of botulism vary depending on the types of botulism toxin. If there is respiratory failure and paralysis, the patient needs to be in ventilator for weeks and intensive medical care and the paralysis will improve. Respiratory failure can cause death but there is an antitoxin which can block the reaction of toxins on food-borne and wound botulism.The source on the wound, however, should be removed surgically. The recovery can take weeks nevertheless the progress of the dise ase will be prevented. Moreover, the death cases of botulism from the past fifty years decreased from 50% to 8%. Among those who survived poisoning, patients may experience fatigue and shortness of breathe that could last for years thus therapy is required (Bullock et al. , 2006). There are ways to prevent botulism. The source of most food-borne botulism is home-canned goods.Other sources can be from chopped garlic in oil, chili peppers, tomatoes, aluminum foil-wrapped potatoes (improperly cooked), and home canned/fermented fish. Hygienic procedures are necessary in order to prevent contamination especially in home canning and that oils with herbs and garlic should be refrigerated; baked potatoes wrapped in aluminum foil should be kept hot before serving or refrigerated; home-canned goods should be boiled before eating sine the botulism toxin will destroyed in high temperatures, and children below one year should not be fed with honey since Clostridium botulinum spores are present i n honey.There are public education about botulism prevention and there are also experts on botulism available for consultancy in state health departments and CD (Bullock et al. , 2006). In the United States, the average botulism case is 110 every year were majority of these cases are infant botulism (72%). It is followed by followed by food-borne which is 25% and the rest are wound botulism. Outbreaks are usually caused by eating contaminated home-canned goods (Bullock et al. , 2006). Botulism outbreaks, on the other hand, are rare in tropical regions.Most occurred in temperate and colder regions during spring and winter seasons in the northern hemisphere such as Alaska, Canada, United States, Poland, United kingdom, Russia, Iran, and China (Doyle, Steinhart, & Cochrane, 1994). The largest botulism outbreak in the United States in the last 25 years caused 30 cases where four were in severe conditions. The cause was from a potato-based dip that were wrapped in aluminum foil and store d in ambient temperature (Fratarnico, Bhunia, & Smith, 2005). References Bullock, J. A. , Haddow, G. D. , & Coppola, D.P. (2006). Introduction to Homeland Security. Retrieved 31 May 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=yHpkkc3ZqlMC Doyle, M. e. , Steinhart, C. E. , & Cochrane, B. A. (1994). Food Safety 1994. Retrieved 31 May 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=S28jeel2VfUC Englelkirk, P. G. , & Duebn-Engelkirk, J. (2007). Laboratory Analysis of Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 31 May 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=RfjRLEVax1QC Evans, A. S. , & Brachman, P. S. (1998). Bacterial Infections of Human: Epidemiology and Control.Retrieved 31 may 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=xADJBP7iqRwC Fratarnico, P. M. , Bhunia, A. K. , & Smith, J. L. (2005). Foodborne Pathogens: Microbiology and Molecular Biology. Retrieved 31 May 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=-HNavPPs-JoC Lewis, L. D. , Knight, A. , Lewis, B. , & Lewis, C. (1995). Eq uine Clinical Nutrition: Feeding and Care. Retrieved 31 May 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=vpuTp_vwsegC Rosaler, M. (2003). Botulism. Retrieved 31 may 2008, from http://books. google.com/books? id=7srrKGDkswkC Sebaiha, M. , Peck, M. W. , Minton, N. P. , & Thomson, N. R. (2007). Genome sequence of a proteolytic (Group I) Clostridium botulinum strain Hall A and comparative analysis of the clostridial genomes. Genome Research. Shimeld, L. A. (1999). Essentials of Diagnostic Microbiology. Retrieved 31 May 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=8Rn47SNdbYAC Wilkinson, V. M. , & Gould, G. W. (1996). Food Irradiation: A Reference Guide. Retrieved 31 May 2008, from http://books. google. com/books? id=FpIpsqs7CRUC

The Legacy Of The Medici Family Essays

The Legacy Of The Medici Family Essays The Legacy Of The Medici Family Paper The Legacy Of The Medici Family Paper bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2/A622919 (accessed November 26, 2007). Medici: Godfather of the Renaissance. pbs. org/empires/medici/renaissance/index. html (accessed November 26, 2007). Nygaard Ken. â€Å"Giovanni di Bicci Averardo de Medici. † historyworld. net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories. asp? historyid=aa24 (accessed November 25, 2007). The Medici Queens. saburchill. com/history/biblio/020. html (accessed November 26, 2007).

How to Determine the Mass of a Star

How to Determine the Mass of a Star Nearly everything in the universe has mass, from atoms and sub-atomic particles (such as those studied by the Large Hadron Collider) to giant clusters of galaxies.  The only things scientists know about so far that dont have mass are photons and gluons.   Mass is important to know, but objects in the sky are too distant. We cant touch them and we certainly cant weigh them through conventional means. So, how do astronomers determine the mass of things in the cosmos? Its complicated.   Stars and Mass Assume that a  typical star  is pretty massive, generally much more so than a typical planet. Why care about its mass? That information is important to know because  it reveals clues about a stars evolutionary past, present, and future. Astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope identified nine monster stars with masses more than 100 times the Suns mass. They lie in the star cluster R136 in the nearby Large Magellanic Cloud. Mass is an important characteristic when figuring out the life spans of stars. NASA/ESA/STScI Astronomers can use several indirect methods to determine stellar mass. One method, called  gravitational lensing, measures the path of light that is bent by the gravitational pull of a nearby object. Although the amount of bending is small, careful measurements can reveal the mass of the gravitational pull of the object doing the tugging. Typical Star Mass Measurements It took astronomers until the 21st century to apply gravitational lensing to measuring stellar masses. Before that, they had to rely on measurements of stars orbiting a common center of mass, so-called binary stars. The mass of  binary stars (two stars orbiting a common center of gravity) is pretty easy for astronomers to measure. In fact, multiple star systems provide a textbook example of how to figure out their masses. Its a bit technical but worth studying to understand what astronomers have to do. A Hubble Space Telescope image of Sirius A and B, a binary system 8.6 light-years away from Earth. NASA/ESA/STScI First, they measure the orbits of all the stars in the system. They also clock the stars orbital speeds and then determine how long it takes a given star to go through one orbit. Thats called its orbital period.   Calculating Mass Once all that information is known, astronomers next do some calculations to determine the masses of the stars. They can use the equation Vorbit SQRT(GM/R) where SQRT is square root a, G is gravity, M is mass, and R is the radius of the object. Its a matter of algebra to tease out the mass by rearranging the equation to solve for M.   So, without ever touching a star, astronomers use mathematics and known physical laws to figure out its mass. However, they cant do this for every star. Other measurements help them figure out the masses for stars ​not in binary or multiple-star systems. For example, they can use luminosities and temperatures. Stars of different luminosities and temperatures have vastly different masses. That information, when plotted on a graph, shows that stars can be arranged by temperature and luminosity. Really massive stars are among the hottest ones in the universe. Lesser-mass stars, such as the Sun, are cooler than their gigantic siblings. The graph of star temperatures, colors, and brightnesses is called the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, and by definition, it also shows a stars mass, depending on where it lies on the chart. If it lies along a long, sinuous curve called the Main Sequence, then astronomers know that its mass will not be gigantic nor will it be small. The largest mass and smallest-mass stars fall outside the Main Sequence. This version of the Hertzprung-Russell diagram plots the temperatures of stars against their luminosities. The position of a star in the diagram provides information about what stage it is in, as well as its mass and brightness. European Southern Observatory Stellar Evolution Astronomers have a good handle on how stars are born, live, and die. This sequence of life and death is called stellar evolution. The biggest predictor of how a star will evolve is the mass its born with, its initial mass. Low-mass stars are generally cooler and dimmer than their higher-mass counterparts. So, simply by looking at a stars color, temperature, and where it lives in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, astronomers can get a good idea of a stars mass. Comparisons of similar stars of known mass (such as the binaries mentioned above) give astronomers a good idea of how massive a given star is, even if it isnt a binary. Of course, stars dont keep the same mass all their lives. They lose it as they age. They gradually consume their nuclear fuel, and eventually, experience huge episodes of mass loss at the ends of their lives. If theyre stars like the Sun, they blow it off gently and form planetary nebulae (usually). If theyre much more massive than the Sun, they die in supernova events, where the cores collapse and then expand outward in a catastrophic explosion. That blasts much of their material to space. Composite image of the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant that heralded the death of a very massive star. NASA/ESA/ASU/J. Hester A. Loll By observing the types of stars that die like the Sun or die in supernovae, astronomers can deduce what other stars will do. They know their masses, they know how other stars with similar masses evolve and die, and so they can make some pretty good predictions, based on observations of color, temperature, and other aspects that help them understand their masses. Theres much more to observing the stars than gathering data. The information astronomers get is folded into very accurate models that help them predict just exactly what stars in the Milky Way and throughout the universe will do as they are born, age, and die, all based on their masses. In the end, that information also helps people understand more about stars, particularly our Sun. Fast Facts The mass of a star is an important predictor for many other characteristics, including how long it will live.Astronomers use indirect methods to determine the masses of stars since they cant directly touch them.Typically speaking, more massive stars live shorter lifetimes than the less massive ones. This is because they consume their nuclear fuel much faster.Stars like our Sun are intermediate-mass and will end in a much different way than massive stars that will blow themselves up after a few tens of millions of years.

Business law case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business law - Case Study Example Imperial could find itself with a sudden, severe decrease in its cash flow. It might also have to layoff employees and have equipment sit idle. Simply put, litigation, regardless of the outcome could do irreparable damage to both parties. In this case negotiation would be the appropriate form of alternative dispute resolution to pursue. The two parties need to sit down face-to-face. They need to lay out there understanding of the ambiguous clause in the contract, seek common ground, and perhaps by consent share any costs or losses involved in their differing interpretations of the clause. If negotiation proves fruitless they should move to mediation. Then an objective and disinterested third party could assist them in understanding one anothers position and finding a middle ground. (Marsh, 2008) Due to the complexity of the case collaborative law would be the best approach. The case, too complex for a jury, might also be too complex for a mediator or arbitrator, regardless of their qualifications and experience. Therefore, the parties would be wise to sit down together, with their lawyers accompanying them, and work towards an agreement in camera with trained lawyers, able to understand the complexity of the case. If they were to negotiate in good faith, in this private environment with expert legal advice they stand the best chance of resolving the dispute in a fair manner that also takes account of the legal complexities of the situation. Collaborative law would also ensure that the case never ended up in court. Collaborative law is â€Å"cost effective and discrete†, and with trade secrets involved that is precisely what each party needs. (Newitt, â€Å"Shot before dawn†) It is an unusual proposal for a business dispute, but most appropriate in this instance. In this case it is plain that Empire Corporation wishes to avoid a court case There is the danger of disadvantageous precedent being set if the case does go to trial. Also, the company may find

Resourcing Talent - R-PartB Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resourcing Talent - R-PartB - Assignment Example Diversity in an organization enables the organization to have the base of its employees made up of different people bringing together divergent views and ideas. The divergent workforce includes various generations of workforce including generation X, Generation Y and Baby Boomers. Generation X is attracted into the organization through creating a conducive environment that enables them to develop more on their skills and also learn. They are also lured by job positions that provide for independence, proper communication ad for individual potential improvement. Generation Y gives much weight to the benefits of the job as opposed to the salary and can be attracted via by upgrading the organizations offices with the modern and ergo-friendly furniture which would make the generation feel to be working in a healthy environment. Increases creativity as the employees come with a variety of remedies to help the organization soar to greater heights. The more the diverse ideas in an organization the higher the chances of solving a problem in the best way as everyone will be brainstorming to produce his/her best. Divergent language skills. An organization with employees from the different backgrounds enjoys a wider market due to the competency in communication using the various languages. This increases the geographical market coverage of the organization to as far as being a global market. Increases productivity as the employees will offer technical advice to the employer on how to best serve the clients using the newly introduced ideas .Diversity increases the employee’s morale boosting their efficiency. Diversity helps in building on the image of the organization as it indicates that the organization is not discriminatory in offering job opportunities enabling such firms to attract more employees with new talents as they retain the already existing ones. To achieve diversity in the attraction of senior managers, high potential

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 40

Case Study Example These locks would only be accessed using cards given to authorized officials. This means that the accountability for available stocks would fall to those with the security access (Brauer & Dunne, 2002). A security manager of the highest levels of qualifications and responsibility would lead the security team. In addition to having locks, security officials would be deployed art various entry terminals to man the entrances. For windows, they would have to be tinted so that no person can view the content inside. In addition to that, doors and windows would need to be reinforced to avoid breakage. To a certain extent, communicating with the employees would be needed. This would be so if they are required to maintain highest levels of discretion in the activities they do. However, for top secret activities, it would be wise to leave the security concerns to the allocated security team (Gerstein, 2013). The risks of compromise due to personal indiscretion would be at a minimum. Employees should have security cards for areas they are allowed to access. This means that they would not be allowed to access other areas only restricted to certain high-ranking officials. Internal controls are important is determining who access what parts of the arms manufacturing plant. They would improve accountability and the overall security of manufactured products and the manufacturing procedures (McCrie,

Farmers and Fishermen by Daniel Vickers Essay Example for Free

Farmers and Fishermen by Daniel Vickers Essay The author Daniel Vickers in his book â€Å"Farmers and Fishermen† describes, presents the data analyzes the changing strategies that were used by the colonists such as New England in order to develop the world and the amateur nations and introduce the world to the industrial era.   These colonists in the result of lack of the resources to purchase labor adapted the Labor System of Europe. Later on the economy was transformed by the changes occurred in the form of the development of the world. In this book Daniel Vickers has closely analyzed the history of farmers and fishermen of Massachusetts. He spotted that who worked for whom. He also described the terms and conditions under which these farmers and fishermen had worked. The book Farmers and fishermen is a book that clearly demonstrates Daniel Vickers’s leading command on the knowledgeable background of the general literature of Essex County, Massachusetts and the historical interpretations of the labor in the earliest centuries of European arrangement. The author has written the book in the most clearly and easy-to-understand manner that allows the reader to understand and gain knowledge of the preindustrial America and structure of the labor in the district’s farming and fishing communities (Vickers, 1994). Daniel Vickers has structured the existing literature regarding farmers and fishermen with conclusions brought out from the 16th years of recorded researches. His effort of bringing the literature and interpretation of the historians such as Massachusetts Tax Valuation list of 1771 and the substantial tables of data from the recorded data of account books and diaries has been considered as hard work according to great many authors. Daniel Vickers has creatively drawn conclusions and historical sequels of the farming and fishing professions throughout the history. Daniel Vickers has defined the history into three sections, the first section involves the first century of the settlement of farming and fishing. Later on in the second sections, author has described the period after the revolutionary war when the industrialization was leading in the region (Vickers, 1994). The author describes that the basic problem was that the people who wanted to use the English pattern of labor in the world and this was the conflict among the masses. This is defined in the two halves of the book. The study about the colonists, use of labor and the system designed by European is described in two halves of the book. The first half of the book inspects the lack of labor and capital within rural and maritime economics and the circumstances under which a number of systems were developed (Vickers, 1994, p. 6) . The second half of the book is a tour to the history and the development of the county’s socioeconomic maturation. This half of the book deals with the strategies which were employed in the New World and how these strategies served so well to the district (Vickers, 1994, p. 7). The book is actually describing the history in whole of so many fishermen and farmers from all around the world; this is why this study by Daniel Vickers is not complete. There are broad arguments but the research available is narrow to give a complete overview of the history and the development of the two most important occupations fishing and farming. The farming and fishing has been considered as the driving force of the colonialism and transformation of the old world into the new world. The most important feature of the book is that the researches and interpretations of the historians used in this book covers a long period though it is limited to some regions but it gives measures for the authors to understand about the productive relations and changes which occurred in the period of development. Daniel Vickers in this book describes and observed the history of farming and fishing carefully through the interpretations and research by the historians in the detailed and classified form such as addition of age, ethnicity, social origin, economic status etc. The flaw of the book is that the readers, who might expect to read and analyze the systematic data in this book by Daniel Vickers, won’t get the sequence because of the lack of the data present (Vickers, 1994). In the book Farmers and Fishermen, the author Daniel Vickers with extensive knowledge about the material of the related subject allows him to write amicably and become the arbiter among the historians. The author describes the century of early fishery i.e. COD covered the work by the farmer-fishermen rather than those who fished alone. In the later part of the book the author describes on the basis of historian interpretations that the market and the social approaches to the early American economy are entirely incorrect. The author has greatly considered the research conducted by Virginia De John and Christine Heyrman in the course of the book (Vickers, 1994). The author introduces the readers to the later part of the fishing business which was once the most dominant feature of the New England’s emerging market, started to dissolve. The reason behind this was the merchants and the accumulation of the capital into colonies. The fishermen were not being paid in advance for their catch of fishery which was essential for the outfit of their ships for the fishing. Instead of paying these fishermen, these merchants put their money in the purchase of their own larger ships. These merchants began to hire these fishermen as laborers on their ships for the purpose of the directing these merchants into deeper offshore waters (Vickers, 1994). This change brought distress to the families of these fishermen; the result was the sons of these families no longer worked as the fisherman. Instead of fishing they worked for the military service purpose away from home. If some of them worked as the fishermen, they worked in the neighbor as the laborer as well worked on their own ships for the catch. The author described these cause and effects with the knowledge of the documents and records which dealt the history of the 17th century. Later on the idea of owning land as the ancestors in the past did, held fast throughout this period (Vickers, 1994).   The author in the last chapter of the book tried to give evidence of the ways in which the social arrangements and the industrialization influenced the capitalist development. Daniel Vickers in his book described briefly the capitalist arrangement and the organizations of farming and fishing along with the systematic sequences of the industrialization in the region. While his representation of the rising trends of the merchant class which was another emerging occupation and the knowledge provided related to the American economy are sound. The details provided in the first half of the book which contains the pre-industrial period is not clear to the readers as the details mentioned in the first half are written in the vague overview of all the previous researches and the historian interpretations (Vickers, 1994). The book Farmer and Fishermen is the compiled version of all the sources related to the subject such as documents, historian interpretations and previous researches. The literature of the fishing and farming is presented in the most possible way to determine and make the readers understand the industrialization period of farming and fishing. Writing on a most brief topic with less existing data is a complicated task for the author, though there are some changes required for instance the method of presenting the data was chosen in the form of tables where it is not cleared from the text that where exactly these fishermen originated from. Throughout this book the author Daniel Vickers has tried to present the data in the form of relations. This book has been successful in examining the 19th century industrial revolution in New England (Vickers, 1994). Thus after reading the book Farmers and Fishermen by Daniel Vickers, the reader of the book can bring out the wide range of knowledge of the fishing and farming organizations along with the emerging period of the organization, the development and industrialization and the downfall of the organizations. In this book, one can read about the lives and the complications of the people in the fishing and farming industries. This book provides the better understanding of the events which concluded the goals of the author with the support of great historians such as Virginia De John and Christine Heyrman. References Vickers, D. (1994). Farmers and Fishermen: Two Centuries of Work in Essex County, Massachusetts, 1630-1850. Williamsburg: UNC Press.

Detailed Accessibility Optimization Positioning Analyzer

Detailed Accessibility Optimization Positioning Analyzer Abstract Our application interface provides interesting and vital stats, such as the total number of backlinks (including the type: text, image, redirects, etc.), unique domains and distinct referring IPs and subnets. Software is an essential tool for in research, analysis and management. It uses its own bot and its own index, which they state is based on information from hundreds of billions website connections. SERP listings are the natural listings generated bysearch enginesbased on a series of metrics that determines their relevance to the searched term. Webpages that score well on a search engines algorithmic test show in this list. These algorithms are generally based upon factors such as the content of a webpage, the trustworthiness of the website, and external factors such as backlinks, social media, news, advertising, etc. One of the main features of Application is its Explorer, where you have the option of choosing a specific URL, the domain with all sub domains or the domain with no sub domains. Aside from the overview analysis, you’re provided with a slew of other research options to choose from, including: †¢ Crawled pages †¢ Referring domains †¢ SERP †¢ Raw export of the data. †¢ Links. †¢ Report. Module Analytic panel This module deals with the detailed graphical report for the domains, reports can be fetched for multiple domains even comparison between domains is possible. Software uses bots, crawlers and indexing for fetching details reports that can be used for analysis. A referring domain is the domain that backlinks are coming from. This shows a comprehensive list of all the TLD’s and shows how many links on different domains have been earned. Also when a particular TLD is selected or even if all TLD’s are selected, you get the domain rank, the number of backlinks from a particular site, the date when it was first seen along with the domain name. The top-level domain names are installed in theroot zoneof the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of thedomain name, that is, the last label of afully qualified domain name Application again divides the report into new and lost domains where if you select the option out of new or lost, you will be presented the data on that selected option. So, if you have earned links on 5 domains or lost links from 6 domains, the record for the same will appear in graphs. In addition to that, you will get the report on the rank, and the referring domains too based on your selection and also the specified time. A record on which IP your backlink is appearing on could also be derived from this tool. This also lets you know the popularity and which region or IP to target for getting more backlinks. You get the rank of that IP, followed by the referring domains and backlinks from the same domain and the network. Application get a complete breakout based on the keywords for which you are getting backlinks, Number of referring domains, reference domains using the keyword as anchor, backlinks count on the domains and the backlinks count with anchor on the domains. A backlink is a link on another website that points to your site. In basic link terminology, abacklinkis any link received by a web node (web page, directory, website, ortop level domain) from another web node. Inbound links were originally important (prior to the emergence of search engines) as a primary means ofwebnavigation; today, their significance lies insearch engine optimization (SEO). The number of backlinks is one indication of the popularity or importance of that website or page. You also get the record of the number of external and internal links with this tool. You could specify the period for which you want to know how many links have your earned and how many have been lost. The calendar will show the number of backlinks that you have earned for a particular day. Knowing the number of new and lost links along with their comparison is quite easy. If there is no option selected, you will get the graphical representation of the number of new and lost links together in the graph. With the help of the tool get the HTTP code which shows the exact status of the page. Also you get the anchor text and the URL, followed by the period when the link was added or removed with the type of the link. Module Reports Knowledge is power. It doesn’t matter how driven you might be or how creative you might be, because you really need to arm yourself with the kind of data and information if you want to enjoy any kind of success. And in the case of an online business, getting a firm grasp on demographics, links and SEO is positively paramount. Our software has an independent tool for SEO analysis with a wide range of features. All data received in SEO tools can be exported in .CSV. A huge amount of data is accumulated in the process of our crawler’s. We plan to use this information to find possible errors on sites. This gives us a tool able to detect any SEO issues and display possible solutions to fix them. Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) response status codes include codes fromIETFinternet standardsas well as other IETFRFCs, other specifications and some additional commonly used codes. The first digit of the status code specifies one of five classes of response; the bare minimum for an HTTP client is that it recognizes these five classes. Meta elements can be used to specify page description, keywords and any othermetadatanot provided through the otherheadelements and attributes. Meta elements provide information about the web page, which can be used by search engines to help categorize the page correctly. Theno indexvalue prevents a page from being indexed, and no followprevents links from beingcrawled. Other values recognized by one or more search engines can influence how the engine indexes pages, and how those pages appear on the search results. Module Manage Backlinks Statics is designed to analyze links. A variety of filters and option to sort, you can select links by almost any parameter. Also they can be sorted by social metrics. Use this Backlink Analyzer to scan the links of a specific page and get the important statistics in Pie Charts Graphs. The Report will provide you with useful information regarding: The Incoming Links of the Page The PageRank The Domain Authority Internal External Links and Followed No-Followed Links Various Statistics about the Backlink Type Link Quality Amention(also known [emailprotected], not to be confused withmetadata tagsorhash tags) is a means by which a blog post references or links to a users profile. This may be done as a matter of getting the attention of (or drawing attention to) another user of a social networking or blogging service, as a matter of replying to the other users post, or as a matter of tagging a user in a post Quickly compare the metrics of up to several hundred URLs or domains. Enter domains or URLs in the text field and click Start. Application will collect all data and show you the metrics in a single table with the options to sort and export.

Stereotypes and Diversity in the Movie, Crash Essay examples -- Racism

Stereotyping is a major issue in the world today, however, mostly in the United States. It is known as fixed impressions, exaggerated or preconceived ideas about particular social groups, usually based solely on physical appearance (The New York Company). Crash is a great example because it shows others stereotyping individuals in many ways. According to Schingel, it is the perfect analogy of how we as a human race deal with life, people and our own experiences. The movie, released in 2005, shows each character's point of view, rather it be from an African-American, Caucasian, or a Latino. It follows each character throughout the movie to show how they live their daily lives. Crash is known for having numerous examples of stereotypes. It shows characters stereotyping against all races, no matter what the condition may be. For instance, one illustration of label is with Sandra Bullock's character. Her character is afraid of every race except Caucasian. In the movie Crash, she had a gun shoved to her head by two black men while they stole her car. Another case is when she pulls her husband aside and tells him that she wanted the new lock changed the next morning because she was afraid the Mexican male who was changing the lock would give his "homeys" a key. She states, "He is a gang-banger because of his shaved head, prison tattoos and his pants around his ass" (Schingel). However, she could not have been more wrong. Daniel, the locksmith, was actually a well-mannered family guy. Daniel, of course, is a sweet-natured husband and father struggling to get his family to a neighborhood where the gunfire doesn't pop all night (Burr). What Sa ndra Bullock did to the locksmith was incorrect and spitef... ...there is good and bad in everyone. It is just the way the world works. In all cultures, there is the good, bad, and the ugly. Each person in each culture has their faults, but also at the same time, they have their nobility and heroic side. Works Cited ""A Definition of Stereotypes"." The New York Times 2008 20Mar2008 . Burr, Ty. ï ¿ ½Well-acted 'Crash' is a course in stock characters.ï ¿ ½ . Crash. Haggis, Paul. (DVD), 2005 Greydanus, Steven. Crash (2005)."http://www.decentfilms.com/sections/reviews/crash2005.html. 2008. Schingel, Rebecca. "How the Movie Crash Illustrates Race and Ethnic Relations in America."http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/18187/how_the_movie_crash_illustrates_race.html. 2006.

Challenges Facing Canadian Organizations Essay

Canada. They are the world’s largest producer of newsprint, nickel, and asbestos. Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver are rated some of the best cities in the world. There is also Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), which bring us Canadians radio and television broadcasts the news, music, and entertainment. (Schwind, 2010, p. 3) Even though Canada is a leader and a top competitor around the world in regards to business, resources, talent, and innovation, there are still many challenges facing Canadian organizations. In this paper I will discuss the many ways that Canada, from a business stand point and as whole, faces challenges and what we as a country are doing to rise and succeed through these challenges. There are five major challenges that are facing Canadian businesses; Economic, Technological, Demographic, Cultural, and Legal. Economic challenges are broken down into three separate categories; surviving a recessionary cycle, facing the global trade challenge, and meeting the challenge of productivity improvement. All three of these are interrelated and I will briefly describe each section of the challenges. Surviving the recessionary cycle is a tough challenge especially for the Human Resource Managers, who are tasked with planning, coordinating and ultimately implementing layoffs. Recessions are a misfortune that affects everyone and every company, big or small. Job security and overall high morale of employees at a company are troubled as well in these hard times. The global trade industry is another issue that Canadians are facing. International trade has been critical to Canada’s prosperity and growth. (Schwind, 2010, p. 5) Canada is ranked number nine in the world for exporting internationally, (Metcalfe, 2008), but per capita we export more than the United States or Japan. To face this challenge Canadian organizations are expanding abroad by opening new plants and increasing activity rates in foreign countries. This is to be closer to the customers and also for the lower labour costs. Being a multicultural nation has given Canada a competitive advantage in regards to trading with other countries. However, other countries have a lower-cost based trading system due to factors such as lower labour costs, has caused Canada to lose our market share in some industries such as pulp and paper, cotton yarn, and steel manufacturing. (Schwind, 2010, p. 6) Productivity is the third aspect of economic challenges we face. Technically, productivity is the ratio of output to input. It is a measure of how efficiently and effectively a business or an economy uses inputs such as labour and capital to produce outputs such as goods and services. Alan Greenspan, an ex-chairman of the Federal Reserve of the United States, was quoted as saying â€Å"Productivity – the goods and services produced from each hour of work – is the magic elixir of economic progress. It’s why we live better than our grandparents did, without working longer hours.† (Demos, 2011) Canada’s largest trading partner, the United States, has been improving their productivity faster than we have. We have to increase our productivity as a nation in order to continue to thrive and grow. A report conducted in 2000 stated that if the productivity gap between Canada and the U.S. were to continue, it would reduce Canada’s living standards from 61 percent of U.S. levels in 1999 to 52 percent in 2010. (McCallum, 2000) In order to maintain and improve its productivity, Canada must update its technology to increase its levels. There are two technological changes and challenges face the Canadian businesses today, computerization and automation. Computers and their technology are rapidly growing and they affect all aspects of work. They produce large amounts of information in a timely matter, and have the ability to massively store and transfer the information. There is an increase in flexibility, such as being able to work at home, or even while on vacation, if need be, due to the internet, emails and data transfers. Telecommunicating is also a factor in helping with productivity, morale and cost reduction. Not only is there internet, many companies also have intranet, which are a private information network within the company. The mix of telecommunicating and intranet increase communication and information knowledge between members of an organization to also increase productivity. Automation is the automatically controlled operation of a process, system, or equipment by mechanical or electronic devices. The two major reasons for automation is speed and better service. In some capital equipment items, Canada takes six to twelve months to make, where Japan takes six to twelve weeks. (Schwind, 2010, p. 10) This is a major challenge that Canada must face. The service factor is continuous. A machine is programed to do the same exact operation over and over to ensure quality and effectiveness, where as a human might make an error on one or more areas of the operation. Another challenge with technology and automation is cost. Machines are expensive and not all companies can afford the high-tech equipment, and therefore must rely on manual labour. Demographic challenges include the changes associated with the labour force, such as education levels, age, and participation levels which occur slowly and are usually known in advance. The number of female workers in the workforce has greatly increased over the last three decades, and with that so has the way organizations are ran. In the past the men worked and the women stayed home and took care of the house and home. Now, more and more women are out in the workforce and companies have had to change the way to operate, in order to accommodate. Also, more and more workers are getting higher educations and becoming more knowledgeable in many areas of the field. Canada’s challenge with these issues are to be able to find, keep in home country, and continually train and increase the overall knowledge to promote further success in Canadian organizations in the future. Age is a key factor that has started in will continue to affect Canadian operations. The term â€Å"baby-boomer† is defined as any one born between the years 1946-1966. (Krotki, 2012), and the majority of that population is already, or getting ready for retirement. This is social (health care) and organizational challenge facing the workforce is termed as the â€Å"old age crisis†. (McLean’s, 1983) The challenge facing Canada now is the vast amount of workers that will be retiring, and the knowledge that they take with them. The largest sector that this â€Å"crisis† will affect is the trades department. According to Statistics Canada, in 2007, the ratio for non-trades was 0.7, indicating significantly more workers nearing retirement than in the early stages of their careers. This was substantially lower than the ratio of 1.6 in 1987 and illustrates the well-known phenomenon of the baby boom generation—now approaching retirement—and the subsequent significantly smaller generation beginning their careers. When this ratio is below one, meaning fewer people in the early stages of their careers than will be retiring soon, it points to a potential net out-flow of workers (Pyper, 2008) So as the baby-boomers retire, there will be a shortage of skilled workers to fill their shoes. The last factor of the demographic challenge is that of the part-time workers and contractors or contingent workers. There is a disadvantage as well as an advantage to this line of work. For the employee it means less benefits and lower pay than that of a full-time worker. But on the other hand, the employer will in turn pay less labour cost, and benefit payouts, to part-time workers, as well as contractors, who are not on the pay roll, thus reducing long-term costs. The cultural challenges facing Canada today are crucial due to the multicultural nation that we are. The main areas are work-related attitudes and ethnic diversity. People now are requesting more vacations and holidays than before and a varied workweek. Instead of the typical two week vacation a year, and Monday to Friday 9-5, they expect more and want more flexibility. There is also a major attitude difference between the baby-boomer generation, Generation X, and Generation Y workers. Canadian organizations have to accept these differences and find ways to accommodate each group. Society as a whole are also more ethically orientated now. Business can run like they used to two decades ago. People and employees are more aware of the ethics and expect to be treated fairer and with respect. Canada’s society and workforce is a cultural mosaic. Hosting and employing a variety of ethnics, races, cultures and social groups. Having this vast array of differences poses opportunities as well as challenges for Canadian organizations. They prosper by gaining knowledge of each different group, but they must also take into consideration that they are all different and have different views, beliefs, and backgrounds than other people. The final factor is that of legal matters, which are categorized into five sections; employment equity, human rights laws, charter of rights, minimum wage acts, and safety-related legislation. Employment equity is an act that was amended in 1996 and is a federal law that states one must remove employment barriers and promote equality. It was set to ensure equal opportunities for four different groups; women, persons with disability, Aboriginal people, and people of a visible minority. The Canadian Human Rights Act, in effect March 1978, proclaims that all people regardless of; age, sex, race, ethnic origin, colour, religion, sexual orientation, marital status, family status, disability, or conviction for which a pardon has been granted, shall not be discriminated upon, and should have equal opportunity to make for themselves a life which they choose. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a federal law enacted in 1982, guaranteeing individuals equal rights before the law. Federal government passed the Minimum Wage Act in 1935, but minimum wage jurisdiction falls under provincial legislation. So each province has their own set of wages and rules to follow. The safety-related legislation is an area concerned with the safety and well-being of individuals in the workforce. These above mentioned legal matters are a definite challenge facing Canada’s organizations. More than ever people know their rights and freedoms, and expect safety in the workplace. The challenge for organizations is to uphold the law, and ensure safety and wellbeing for not only themselves but to the employees, their families and everyone involved whether it’s internally or externally. References Demos, D. (2011, Feburary). The New Formula for Branch Productivity. Retrieved Janurary 27, 2013, from Novantas: http://www.novantas.com/article.php?id=303 Krotki, K. J. (2012). â€Å"Baby Boom†. Retrieved Janurary 28, 2013, from The Canadian Encyclopedia: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/baby-boom McCallum, J. (2000, May). â€Å"Will Canada Matter in 2020?†. Royal Bank Current Analysis, Royal Bank of Canada Economics Department, p. 5. McLean’s. (1983, Janurary 17). â€Å"Our Coming Old Age Crisis†. MacLean’s, p. 24. Metcalfe, L. (2008, March 2011). Economic Statistics. Retrieved Janurary 27, 2013, from Nation Master.com: http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_exp-economy-exports Pyper, W. (2008, October). Skilled Trades Employment. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 9(10). Schwind, H. F. (2010). Canadian Human Resource Managment (9th ed.). (J. Cotton, Ed.) Whitby, Ontario, Canada: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.